HUMAN DEVELOPMEMT REPORT 2009

United Nations Development Programme

Human Development Report 2009



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Bangkok — Allowing for migration—both within and between countries—has the potential to increase people’s freedom and improve the lives of millions around the world, according to the 2009 Human Development Report launched here today.

Facebook We live in a highly mobile world, where migration is not only inevitable but also an important dimension of human development. Nearly one billion—or one out of seven—people are migrants. The Report, Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development, demonstrates that migration can enhance human development for the people who move, for destination communities and for those who remain at home.

“Migration can be a force for good, contributing significantly to human development,” says United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Administrator Helen Clark. “But to realize its benefits, there needs to be a supportive policy environment as this Report suggests.”

Twitter Indeed, migration can raise a person’s income, health and education prospects. Most importantly, being able to decide where to live is a key element of human freedom, according to the Report, which also argues that large gains in human development can be achieved by lowering barriers and other constraints to movement and by improving policies towards those who move.

However, migration does not always bring benefits. The extent to which people are able to gain from moving depends greatly on the conditions under which they move. Financial outlays can be relatively high, and movement inevitably involves uncertainty and separation from families. The poor are often constrained by a lack of resources, information and barriers in their new host communities and countries. For too many people movement reflects the repercussions of conflict, natural disaster or severe economic hardship. Some women end up in trafficking networks, lose significant freedoms and suffer physical danger.

YouTube This is the latest publication in a series of global Human Development Reports, which aim to frame debates on some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity, from climate change to human rights. It is an independent report commissioned by UNDP. Jeni Klugman is the lead author of the 2009 Report.

Challenging common misconceptions

The findings in this Report cast new light on some common misconceptions. Most migrants do not cross national borders, but instead move within their own country: 740 million people are internal migrants, almost four times the number of international migrants. Among international migrants, less than 30 percent move from developing to developed countries. For example, only three percent of Africans live outside their country of birth.

Contrary to commonly held beliefs, migrants typically boost economic output and give more than they take. Detailed investigations show that immigration generally increases employment in host communities, does not crowd out locals from the job market and improves rates of investment in new businesses and initiatives. Overall, the impact of migrants on public finances—both national and local—is relatively small, while there is ample evidence of gains in other areas such as social diversity and the capacity for innovation.

Search The authors demonstrate that the gains to people who move can be enormous. Research found that migrants from the poorest countries, on average, experienced a 15-fold increase in income, a doubling of school enrolment rates and a 16-fold reduction in child mortality after moving to a developed country.

  Links to development

For the countries where migrants are coming from, the Report warns that migration is no substitute for development. However, mobility often brings new ideas, knowledge and resources—to migrants and to origin countries—that can complement and even enhance human and economic development. In many countries, the money sent back by migrants exceeds official aid.

Migrants’ gains are often shared with their families and communities at home. In many cases this is in the form of cash—remittances—but the families of migrants may benefit in other ways too. These ‘social remittances,’ as they are called, include reductions in fertility, higher school enrolment rates and the empowerment of women.

The Report also argues that the exodus of highly skilled workers such as doctors, nurses and teachers—a major concern of a number of developing countries that are losing these professionals—is more a symptom rather than a cause of failing public systems.

When integrated into wider national development strategies, migration complements broader local and national efforts to reduce poverty and enhance social and economic development.

Taking down barriers

Overcoming barriers lays out a core package of reforms, six ‘pillars’ that call for:

• Opening existing entry channels for more workers, especially those with low skills;

• Ensuring basic human rights for migrants, from basic services, like education and health care, to the right to vote;

• Lowering the transaction costs of migration;

• Finding collaborative solutions that benefit both destination communities and migrants;

• Easing internal migration; and

• Adding migration as a component for origin countries’ development strategies.

In terms of international migration, the Report does not advocate wholesale liberalization, since people at destination places have a right to shape their societies; but it argues that there is a strong case for increased access for sectors with a high demand for labour, including for the low-skilled. This is particularly important for developed countries because their populations are ageing—and this may increase the demand for migrant workers.

Easing access and reducing the cost of official documents are other important steps towards lowering the barriers to legal migration. Rationalizing such “paper walls” will help stem the flow of irregular migrants, the Report argues, as people find it easier and less expensive to use legal channels.

Overcoming barriers also calls on receiving countries to take steps to end discrimination against migrants. The Report stresses the importance of addressing the concerns of local residents and increasing awareness of migrants’ rights, in addition to working with employers, trade unions and community groups to combat xenophobia.

Despite the cases of intolerance, research commissioned by UNDP for the Report demonstrates that people in destination countries are generally supportive of further migration when jobs are available, and appreciate the gains—economic, social and cultural—that increased diversity can bring.

Time for action

The world recession has quickly become a jobs crisis, and a jobs crisis is generally bad news for migrants. In a number of areas, the number of new migrants is down, while some destination countries are taking steps to encourage or compel migrants to leave. But now is the time for action, the Report argues.

“The recession should be seized as an opportunity to institute a new deal for migrants—one that that will benefit workers at home and abroad while guarding against a protectionist backlash,” says Klugman. “With recovery, many of the same underlying trends that have been driving movement during the past half-century will resurface, attracting more people to move.”

People are going to move, and thus Overcoming barriers provides the tools to better manage inevitable human mobility, laying out principles and guidelines for traditional immigration destinations, such as the United States and Europe, and new migration magnets, such as Costa Rica, Morocco and Thailand. The package of reforms put forward in Overcoming barriers depends on a realistic appraisal of economic and social conditions and recognition of public opinion and other political constraints, the Report observes. But, with political courage, they are all feasible.

Human Development Index

Also released today as part of the 2009 Human Development Report was the latest Human Development Index (HDI), a summary indicator of people’s well-being, combining measures of life expectancy, literacy, school enrolment and GDP per capita. It shows that despite progress in many areas over the last 25 years, the disparities in people’s well-being in rich and poor countries continue to be unacceptably wide.

This year’s HDI has been calculated for 182 countries and territories—the widest coverage ever. The estimates, which rely on the most recently available data compiled by the UN and other international partners, are based on 2007 data.

* * *

For more information on the latest HDI and to access the Human Development Report and the complete press kit, please visit: hdr.undp.org.

For more information on the Human Development Report, please contact your local UNDP office or:



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NFHS-3

All States Go to Uttaranchal Front Sheet All States Go to Uttaranchal Back Sheet


Key Indicators for Uttaranchal from NFHS-3 Residence Education

NFHS-3 (2005-2006) Urban Rural No education2 < 8 years complete2 8-9 years complete2 10 years complete and above2 NFHS-2 (1998-99) NFHS-1 (1992-93) Key Indicators for Uttaranchal from NFHS-3

Marriage and Fertility

1. Women age 20-24 married by age 18 (%) 22.6 16.3 24.7 49.9 43.0 22.5 4.2 25.9 na Response rates section Trends in Contraceptive use

2. Men age 25-29 married by age 21 (%) 21.3 7.1 30.0 * 42.9 36.8 8.1 na na Number Response

3. Total fertility rate (children per woman) 2.55 2.21 2.67 3.62 2.68 2.32 2.00 2.61 na interviewed rates Urban Rural Total

4. Women age 15-19 who were already mothers or pregnant at the time of the survey (%) 6.2 1.7 7.8 26.5 6.7 5.0 0.9 na na Households 2,659 97.5 NFHS-2 57 39 43

5. Median age at first birth for women age 25-49 20.5 21.5 20.3 19.3 19.9 20.1 23.3 20.1 na Women (age 15-49) 2,953 91.2 NFHS-3 65 57 59

6. Married women with 2 living children wanting no more children (%) 86.3 87.5 85.7 77.4 88.6 83.1 91.3 71.8 na Men (age 15-54) 983 81.5

6a. Two sons 93.0 93.0 93.0 86.6 95.8 * 96.2 93.2 na

6b. One son, one daughter 91.3 91.7 91.1 86.7 86.4 87.3 95.4 70.2 na Population and Household Profile Trends in Any Antenatal Care

6c. Two daughters 49.4 60.7 40.6 * * * 62.6 35.4 na Total Urban Rural

Family Planning (currently married women, age 15–49) Population aged 6+ that is literate 75.7 83.1 72.8 Urban Rural Total

Current use Households by residence (%) 100.0 28.2 71.8 NFHS-2 82 36 45

7. Any method (%) 59.3 65.3 57.2 58.4 61.3 52.7 62.7 43.1 na Mean household size 5.0 4.8 5.0 NFHS-3 92 69 75

8. Any modern method (%) 55.5 59.2 54.2 55.1 57.2 50.2 57.5 40.4 na

8a. Female sterilization (%) 32.1 20.4 36.3 41.9 40.8 28.6 14.4 27.3 na Percentage of households that: Trends in Institutional Deliveries

8b. Male sterilization (%) 1.8 2.7 1.5 2.0 2.9 1.1 1.3 3.8 na Have electricity 80.0 95.0 74.1

8c. IUD (%) 1.5 2.7 1.0 0.5 1.5 2.2 2.6 1.6 na Use piped drinking water 66.3 85.5 58.7 Urban Rural Total

8d. Pill (%) 4.2 4.7 4.0 2.8 3.8 4.3 6.3 1.4 na Have access to a toilet 56.7 93.7 42.2 NFHS-2 42 16 21

8e. Condom (%) 15.7 28.5 11.2 8.1 8.2 14.1 32.2 6.2 na Live in a pucca house 48.8 83.1 35.3 NFHS-3 60 29 36

Unmet need for family planning Have a motorized vehicle 22.3 39.8 15.5

9. Total unmet need (%) 11.3 10.3 11.7 9.1 14.1 16.9 10.3 21.0 na Have a television 61.0 81.3 53.0 Trends in Vaccination Coverage

9a. For spacing (%) 4.6 3.4 5.0 3.3 5.3 8.0 4.4 10.5 na Own agricultural land 55.8 15.6 71.5

9b. For limiting (%) 6.7 6.9 6.7 5.8 8.8 9.0 5.9 10.5 na Urban Rural Total

Maternal and Child Health NFHS-2 45 40 41

Maternity care (for births in the last 3 years) Education NFHS-3 67 57 60

10. Mothers who had at least 3 antenatal care visits for their last birth (%) 44.8 71.5 36.2 21.2 35.7 41.6 80.9 19.7 na Percent distribution of respondents by level of education

11. Mothers who consumed IFA for 90 days or more when they were pregnant with their last child (%) 26.2 43.0 20.8 8.9 14.2 23.9 55.5 na na Women Men Trends in Children's Nutritional Status

12. Births assisted by a doctor/nurse/LHV/ANM/other health personnel (%)1 41.5 64.6 34.4 21.5 38.8 28.5 76.2 34.6 na No education 33 12

13. Institutional births (%)1 36.0 59.9 28.6 15.6 30.8 25.3 71.2 20.6 na <8 years complete 17 18 Stunted Wasted Underweight

14. Mothers who received postnatal care from a doctor/nurse/LHV/ANM/other health personnel within 2 days of delivery for their last birth (%)1 30.2 52.3 23.1 11.8 22.8 17.4 64.2 na na 8-9 years complete 17 26 NFHS-2 47 8 42

Child immunization and vitamin A supplementation1 10 years complete and above 34 45 NFHS-3 32 16 38

15a. Children 12-23 months fully immunized (BCG, measles, and 3 doses each of polio/DPT) (%) 60.0 67.2 57.4 40.4 50.8 64.1 86.4 40.9 na Media Exposure Figure Trends in Infant Mortality

15b. Children 12-23 months who have received BCG (%) 83.5 84.4 83.2 66.6 88.8 89.1 98.5 76.8 na Percentage with regular exposure to media Urban Rural Total

15c. Children 12-23 months who have received 3 doses of polio vaccine (%) 80.3 82.8 79.4 63.9 88.8 80.9 95.5 62.4 na Women 15-49 Men 15-49

15d. Children 12-23 months who have received 3 doses of DPT vaccine (%) 67.1 68.7 66.5 45.5 60.0 69.7 95.5 56.1 na Urban 90 91

15e. Children 12-23 months who have received measles vaccine (%) 71.6 75.0 70.3 56.6 65.4 69.7 94.0 56.0 na Rural 66 78 NFHS-2 14 44 38

16. Children age 12-35 months who received a vitamin A dose in last 6 months (%) 15.6 19.7 14.1 9.4 11.3 18.8 23.7 na na Total 73 83 NFHS-3 17 50 42

Treatment of childhood diseases (children under 3 years)1

17. Children with diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks who received ORS (%) 35.6 45.2 32.6 21.7 * * 60.8 31.5 na Trends in Fertility Trends in HIV/AIDS Knowledge

18. Children with diarrhoea in the last 2 weeks taken to a health facility (%) 64.8 71.0 62.8 64.0 * * 66.8 64.0 na Total fertility rate Urban Rural Total

19. Children with acute respiratory infection or fever in the last 2 weeks taken to a health facility (%) 71.6 80.0 69.5 71.5 * * 82.1 na na Women

Child Feeding Practices and Nutritional Status of Children1

20. Children under 3 years breastfed within one hour of birth (%) 32.9 29.1 34.2 33.9 34.1 26.2 34.9 24.1 na NFHS-2 2.6 NFHS-2 78 24 36

21. Children age 0-5 months exclusively breastfed (%) 31.2 * 35.1 36.4 * * 27.6 na na NFHS-3 2.6 NFHS-3 85 57 64

22. Children age 6-9 months receiving solid or semi-solid food and breastmilk (%) 51.6 * 51.4 39.4 * * 54.5 na na Men

23. Children under 3 years who are stunted (%) 31.9 18.4 36.3 41.1 31.8 34.5 19.5 46.6 na NFHS-3 94 90 91

24. Children under 3 years who are wasted (%) 16.2 11.0 17.8 19.4 8.6 27.7 9.9 7.6 na

25. Children under 3 years who are underweight (%) 38.0 29.4 40.8 49.8 36.7 49.7 18.2 41.8 na

Nutritional Status of Ever-Married Adults (age 15-49)

26. Women whose Body Mass Index is below normal (%) 25.7 11.1 30.8 32.8 26.7 28.3 13.0 32.4 na

27. Men whose Body Mass Index is below normal (%) 21.8 13.2 25.6 35.3 34.0 23.8 9.9 na na

28. Women who are overweight or obese (%) 16.0 30.5 11.0 8.2 14.6 15.3 29.3 9.2 na

29. Men who are overweight or obese (%) 11.4 18.6 8.2 7.3 6.6 5.8 18.3 na na

Anaemia among Children and Adults

30. Children age 6-35 months who are anaemic (%) 61.5 60.2 62.0 64.9 67.9 64.2 53.2 77.4 na

31. Ever-married women age 15-49 who are anaemic (%) 47.6 44.3 48.8 49.3 51.2 46.3 43.6 45.6 na

32. Pregnant women age 15-49 who are anaemic (%) 45.2 45.7 45.0 51.0 * 43.9 31.2 49.8 na

33. Ever-marrried men age 15-49 who are anaemic (%) 26.1 20.1 28.8 39.5 35.6 25.4 17.2 na na

Knowledge of HIV/AIDS among Ever-Married Adults (age 15-49)

34. Women who have heard of AIDS (%) 64.3 84.5 57.2 37.2 66.8 75.1 98.3 35.6 na

35. Men who have heard of AIDS (%) 91.0 93.7 89.7 62.5 87.8 96.9 100.0 na na

36. Women who know that consistent condom use can reduce the chances of getting HIV/AIDS (%) 52.2 71.7 45.3 25.6 47.9 63.0 89.5 na na

37. Men who know that consistent condom use can reduce the chances of getting HIV/AIDS (%) 81.4 84.8 79.6 42.0 71.3 90.6 95.8 na na

Women’s Empowerment

38. Currently married women who usually participate in household decisions (%) 47.9 60.4 43.4 44.2 47.9 36.1 58.9 na na

39. Ever-married women who have ever experienced spousal violence (%) 27.9 22.8 29.8 39.6 33.8 22.7 8.6 na na



na: not available

* Not shown; based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases

1. Based on the last 2 births in the 3 years before the survey; 2. For children, the education refers to the mother’s education. Children with missing information on the mother’s education are not included in the education columns.

Online edition of India's National Newspaper
Wednesday, Sep 16, 2009
ePaper Mobile/PDA Version

A new programme for newborn care
Special Correspondent
- Photo Rohit Jain Paras
New VISTAS: Union Health Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad with Rajasthan Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot launching the Navjat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram in Jaipur on Tuesday.
JAIPUR: Union Health and Family Welfare Minister Ghulam Nabi Azad launched “Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram” to address important interventions of care at birth as a national initiative to reduce neonatal deaths here on Tuesday. The nation-wide programme will provide basic institutional newborn care and resuscitation to the infants. The interventions covered in the proposed programme include prevention of hypothermia, prevention of infection, early initiation of breast-feeding and basic newborn resuscitation.
Addressing the gathering, Mr. Azad said the objective was to have one person trained in basic newborn care at every delivery, which would help prevent a significant number of newborn deaths and ensure survival of the newborn babies.
Mr. Azad pointed out that 22 lakh children below five years of age die across the country every year as a result of birth asphyxia, sepsis, premature births and hypothermia. Most of these deaths occur within the first few days of birth, he added.
The NSSK will train healthcare providers at the district hospitals, community health centres and primary health centres in the interventions at birth with the application of the latest available scientific methods aimed at significantly reducing the infant mortality ratio.
The Health and Family Welfare Ministry will organise district level trainers’ training programme for 10 States and master trainers’ training programmes in other States and Union Territories. The States will be expected to roll out training for medical officers, nurses and auxiliary nurse midwives on their own.
Mr. Azad affirmed that the proposed new programme would fill a critical existing gap and address the major causes of neonatal mortality. “The NSSK will have two important components of training and infrastructure to address the needs at the grassroots,” he said.
The sick newborn care units with 10 to 12 beds at district hospitals, newborn stabilisation units with four beds at community health centres and “newborn corners” at primary health centres 0are also proposed to be established across the country within the next one year.
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